Acute Nonvariceal Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Comprehensive Review and Approach for an Interventional Radiologist

Abstract Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common leading life-threatening conditions requiring prompt diagnosis and rapid endoscopic interventional radiology (IR) management. Endoscopy first line management for upper GIB, while it has a limited role in lower especially acute clinical settings, due to poor bowel preparation. Patients with failed refractory necessitate emergent computed tomography angiography (CTA) evaluation. CTA crucial assessing underlying causes planning transarterial embolization (TAE). It been almost three decades since IR gained popularity by virtue increased technical experience, availability sophisticated hardware, evolving techniques. Newer agents catheters, as well established CTA, have expanded enhanced GIB. TAE proven be safe, rapid, effective, minimally invasive procedure alternative surgery when fails control We present comprehensive approach managing nonvariceal including protocol, anatomical variants, visceral collateral pathways, specific This article will help readers get an insight into that better patients